En esta sección encontrarás todos los artículos académicos publicados en 2023 por el Grupo de Investigación Psicología Política y Social.

Autores: PRIALÉ, M. A.; VERA, A.; SOTO, A. A. .
Año: 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2023.v29n2.695  
Resumen: La educación superior, especialmente en negocios, se destaca como un medio crucial para promover un accionar profesional centrado en la sostenibilidad, enfatizando la necesidad de enfoques pedagógicos y estrategias didácticas innovadoras. Objetivo: este estudio tiene como finalidad explorar las percepciones de docentes universitarios de carreras de negocios acerca de cuáles son las metodologías de enseñanza-aprendizaje más convenientes para fomentar la conciencia de sostenibilidad entre sus estudiantes. Método: en este trabajo cualitativo exploratorio se usó un muestreo por conveniencia por el cual se seleccionó y entrevistó a 19 profesores de desempeño destacados que imparten cursos en una universidad privada y acreditada de Lima, Perú. Resultados: los profesores consideran fundamental un desarrollo transversal y continuo de contenidos relacionados con la sostenibilidad en la malla curricular. Además, valoran el empleo de metodologías de aprendizaje vivencial, así como el desarrollo del diálogo y la reflexividad sobre el futuro rol de sus estudiantes como líderes organizacionales que promuevan modos de producción más conscientes y sostenibles. Conclusiones: la educación en sostenibilidad en carreras de negocios cobra sentido en la medida de que la conducta que adopten los futuros líderes empresariales dependerá del éxito en la implantación de modos de producción más conscientes y sostenibles. Sin embargo, para que esta formación sea efectiva son necesarias adaptaciones en el diseño de las mallas curriculares y en la forma tradicional de conducir los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje en el aula, migrando desde enfoques centrados en el docente hacia enfoques metodológicos centrados en el estudiante.

Autores: VERA, A.; Prialé, M. A.; ESPINOSA, A.; GUEVARA, L. A.; Manky, O. (Editor); Prialé, M. A. (Editor); Lavado, P. (Editor).
Año: 2023
DOI:https://repositorio.up.edu.pe/item/934aecea-9b1b-4a3f-afb3-ea465b5af581 
Resumen: Este capítulo analiza las condiciones del comportamiento organizacional del PEL que han favorecido su capacidad de responder, de manera oportuna y efectiva, a las demandas sociales y sanitarias suscitadas por la emergencia producto de la pandemia de COVID-19. El análisis se realizará bajo el marco conceptual de la prosocialidad-productiva, constructo afín a la disposición de servicio del PEL. Este constructo ofrece un marco adecuado para la comprensión de los procesos organizados en torno a los objetivos de: atender las necesidades de personas que enfrentan una situación crítica, y movilizar recursos y capacidades organizacionales con efectividad frente a una situación de emergencia. Esperamos que los hallazgos se conviertan en lecciones para aportar en la construcción de los cimientos de una gestión pública de calidad capaz de atender los desafíos de confrontación de una crisis no previsible. 

Autores: VERA, A. y URBANO, E. S.
Año: 2023
DOI: https://editorial.redipe.org/index.php/1/catalog/view/149/262/5215  
Resumen: Se presentan las estrategias de identificación de necesidades, en base a las cuales se está  trabajando  un  eje  de  innovación,  enfocado  en  la  capacitación  de  las  competencias docentes  para  el  logro  de  las  metas  delproceso    de  asesoría  en  las  prácticas  pre-profesionales de estudiantes de último año de la carrera de psicología en una Universidad Privada de Lima-Perú. El desarrollo del diagnostico y diseño de la innovación tiene como objetivo optimizar el rol de los docentes del curso Desempeño Pre-profesional, quienes, tras ser  provisionados  al acompañamiento  de uno  o más  estudiantes  practicantes, deben  ser facilitadores,    de  manera  continua  y  progresiva,  de  reflexiones  sobre  los  aprendizajes  y desafios  que  surgen  para  los  estudiantes  en  el  periodo  final  y  crucial  de  su  educación, desarrollado en un centro de prácticas, impulsando procesos reflexivos y metacognitivos en sus estudiantes.  Se busca favorecer que la formación basada en competencias revierta en un  desarrollo  de  capacidades  críticas,  reflexivas  y  de  mejoramiento  del  entorno,  con  un enfouque  de  responsabilidad  social  y  ciudadanía  organizacional,  para  promover  que  el aprendizaje experiencial de los estudiantes se torne en una posibilidad de llevar a cabo el ejercicio de las competencias del perfil de egreso que son: diagnosticar, intervenir y evaluar.

Autores: Tanjitpiyanond, P.; Jetten, J.; ESPINOSA, A.; al, E.
Año: 2023
DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2908  
Resumen: There is a growing body of work suggesting that social class stereotypes are amplified when people perceive higher levels of economic inequality—that is, the wealthy are perceived as more competent and assertive and the poor as more incompetent and unassertive. The present study tested this prediction in 32 societies and also examines the role of wealth-based categorization in explaining this relationship. We found that people who perceived higher economic inequality were indeed more likely to consider wealth as a meaningful basis for categorization. Unexpectedly, however, higher levels of perceived inequality were associated with perceiving the wealthy as less competent and assertive and the poor as more competent and assertive. Unpacking this further, exploratory analyses showed that the observed tendency to stereotype the wealthy negatively only emerged in societies with lower social mobility and democracy and higher corruption. This points to the importance of understanding how socio-structural features that co-occur with economic inequality may shape perceptions of the wealthy and the poor.

Autores: Oyanedel, J. C.; ESPINOSA, A.; Cakal, H.; PAEZ, D. A.  
Año: 2023
DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2908 
Resumen: This Research Topic seeks to examine antecedents and effects of participation in collective behavior (CB) and social movements (SM). The scholars participating on it come from different regions of the world and examine different scenarios of political action and reasons for CB. Let's start for da Costa et al., whose systematic review helps outlining the field. The authors conclude that participation in CB and SMs was associated with conflict over resource allocation, intergroup dynamics, and realistic threats. Karataş et al. paper describes a reliable measure to study positive and negative intergroup contact between minority and majority ethnic youth, a relevant factor for understanding SM. Estela-Delgado et al. examine the role of economic crises, an important factor in SM, showing that personal wellbeing is positively associated with financial wellbeing, which, in turn, is negatively associated with financial threats.

Autores: León, F. R.; Calixto, M. I.; ESPINOSA, A.; HUAPAYA, C. M.
Año: 2023
DOI: https://alicia.concytec.gob.pe/vufind/Record/REVUCSP_68749820edfeeef71b410d3168bc51b3/Details  
Resumen: Un reciente meta-análisis reveló que mensajes persuasivos enmarcados en ganancias inducen emociones positivas en la audiencia mientras que mensajes encuadrados en pérdidas inducen emociones negativas; más aún, la experiencia de emociones positivas potencia la influencia de los encuadramientos de ganancia mientras que las emociones negativas aumentan los efectos de los enmarques de pérdida. Esto sugiere que los efectos de los encuadres de ganancia versus pérdida en la adherencia del público al mensaje son mediados por emociones. Como se sabe que las mujeres experimentan más emociones negativas que los hombres, en el presente estudio exploratorio nosotros evaluamos sesgos de género en las emociones negativas inducidas por imágenes que acompañaban a textos con recomendaciones nutricionales para prevenir la severidad de los síntomas de COVID-19. Los textos estuvieron encuadrados en no-pérdidas. Usando fotos de un ataúd versus una familia, encontramos una robusta interacción imagen x género entre trabajadores de un hospital en Lima, Perú: mientras que el ataúd tendía a aumentar las emociones negativas de las mujeres, aquellas de los hombres presentaban una tendencia opuesta. Así, concluimos que la intervención de emociones en un mismo proceso de persuasión puede terminar en adherencias diferentes de hombres y mujeres al mensaje y esto debe estudiarse. Los investigadores que ignoren la variable género en el encuadramiento visual de mensajes pueden arribar a conclusiones distorsionadas.

Autores: OLANO, G. G.; SCHMITZ, M.; Lewis, H. M.; ESPINOSA, A.  
Año: 2023
DOI: https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/psicologiasocial/article/view/7728   
Resumen: A  dichotomous representation of God is identified within Christianity; on the one hand, the figure of God is represented as a benevolent entity; on the other, He appears as a judge who judges sin.  Both images are positively associated with right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), although to a greater extent with respect to the punishing vision of God. Both images are inversely associated with positive attitudes towards homosexuality. Again, the magnitude of this relationship is greater with the image of a punishing god. Mediation analysis found that the relationship between RWA and positive attitudes toward homosexuality are mediated by the image of a punishing God, but not by the benevolent image. Participants could be categorised in line with their levels of accordance with each of the two images of God presented; the first, labelled ‘non-fundamentalist´ reported a high level of endorsement for the image of God as benevolent, but a low level of endorsement for the image of God as punishing. The second, labelled ‘fundamentalist’ captured those who endorsed the inverse of this relationship. Comparisons between the two groups show that the latter are systematically more authoritarian and report higher levels of negative attitudes towards homosexuality. In the discussion we consider the idea that religious belief can have a paradoxical effect on prejudice.

Autores: ESPINOSA, A.; JANOS, E.; MAC KAY, A. M.; Albala, A. (Editor); Natal, A. (Editor).  
Año: 2023
DOI: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-33914-1_9   
Resumen: Peru is a country that was built upon ethnic and racial divisions, which had their origins in the time of the Spanish settlement. This division has established the way in which some social groups have accessed power, while others have remained aside. On the opposing side of the line are, in fact, the ethnic and racial groups that have been considered “indigenous”. This gap between the high- and the low-status groups (among which the indigenous are considered) leads to a difference in the way both groups are granted access to the different spheres of power. Undoubtedly, throughout the country’s history, this distance has conditioned the way in which indigenous groups have participated in the Peruvian political activity, and additionally the way in which they relate to the Peruvian government. This way, throughout history, the participation of the so-called “indigenous” groups has gone through a lack of political interest phases and through others of resistance to a politically centralized power that, traditionally, segregates them. Today, the relative modernization of the Peruvian government, as well as the incorporation of some of the demands of these groups, have allowed access to conventional mechanisms of political participation: (1) through the opening of public institutions and norms that have given the so-called indigenous groups a voice to participate in the government, and (2) through the presence (a minority, in fact) of some members of these groups that have been granted a place in the legislative power. Nevertheless, this conventional participation seems to be insufficient, and proof of this is the fact that, today, the struggles are taking place not only through conventional mechanisms of participation. Conversely, the resistance is still being channeled through social movements and community-based organizations, within a non-conventional space.

Autores: Sorokowska, A.; Kowal, M.; CUETO, R. M. L. M.; ESPINOSA, A.; et, L.  
Año: 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31502-1
Resumen: Touch is the primary way people communicate intimacy in romantic relationships, and affectionate touch behaviors such as stroking, hugging and kissing are universally observed in partnerships all over the world. Here, we explored the association of love and affectionate touch behaviors in romantic partnerships in two studies comprising 7880 participants. In the first study, we used a cross-cultural survey conducted in 37 countries to test whether love was universally associated with affectionate touch behaviors. In the second study, using a more fine-tuned touch behavior scale, we tested whether the frequency of affectionate touch behaviors was related to love in romantic partnerships. As hypothesized, love was significantly and positively associated with affectionate touch behaviors in both studies and this result was replicated regardless of the inclusion of potentially relevant factors as controls. Altogether, our data strongly suggest that affectionate touch is a relatively stable characteristic of human romantic relationships that is robustly and reliably related to the degree of reported love between partners.

Autores: Sorokowski, P.; Kowal, M.; Sternberg, R.; CUETO, R. M. L. M.; ESPINOSA, A.; LEON, E. A.; Sorokwoska, A.
Año: 2023
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4  
Resumen: Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

Autores: Kirkland, K.; Crimston, C. R.; ESPINOSA, A.; al, E.
Año: 2023
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506221101767 
Resumen: What are the things that we think matter morally, and how do societal factors influence this? To date, research has explored several individual-level and historical factors that influence the size of our ‘moral circles.' There has, however, been less attention focused on which societal factors play a role. We present the first multinational exploration of moral expansiveness—that is, the size of people’s moral circles across countries. We found low generalized trust, greater perceptions of a breakdown in the social fabric of society, and greater perceived economic inequality were associated with smaller moral circles. Generalized trust also helped explain the effects of perceived inequality on lower levels of moral inclusiveness. Other inequality indicators (i.e., Gini coefficients) were, however, unrelated to moral expansiveness. These findings suggest that societal factors, especially those associated with generalized trust, may influence the size of our moral circles.

Autores: Hornsey, M. J.; Pearson, S.; ESPINOSA, A.; et al, ..
Año: 2023
DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2888   
Resumen: While a great deal is known about the individual difference factors associated with conspiracy beliefs, much less is known about the country-level factors that shape people's willingness to believe conspiracy theories. In the current article we discuss the possibility that willingness to believe conspiracy theories might be shaped by the perception (and reality) of poor economic performance at the national level. To test this notion, we surveyed 6723 participants from 36 countries. In line with predictions, propensity to believe conspiracy theories was negatively associated with perceptions of current and future national economic vitality. Furthermore, countries with higher GDP per capita tended to have lower belief in conspiracy theories. The data suggest that conspiracy beliefs are not just caused by intrapsychic factors but are also shaped by difficult economic circumstances for which distrust might have a rational basis.

Autores: PALACIOS, D. C.; ESPINOSA, A.; Lewis, H.
Año: 2023
DOI:  https://doi.org/10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.11657   
Resumen: Esta investigación indaga los correlatos psicológicos con el incumplimiento de normas durante el Estado de Emergencia Nacional declarado en Perú con ocasión de la pandemia del covid-19. Específicamente, se examina la relación entre la Orientación a la Dominancia Social (ods), las percepciones de legitimidad, fortaleza y eficacia del sistema normativo y la confianza en las instituciones. También examina las justificaciones individuales del incumplimiento de las normas, así como la frecuencia de la transgresión. Se desarrolló un diseño de investigación correlacional mediante cuestionarios con una muestra de 126 participantes. Los resultados muestran que la transgresión de las normas emitidas por el gobierno durante el Estado de Emergencia Nacional peruano está vinculada al componente ideológico del ods y a la percepción de un sistema normativo débil e ilegítimo. Estos resultados son consistentes con estudios previos sobre transgresión normativa en países latinoamericanos. Adicionalmente, los resultados sugieren que la necesidad de subsistencia (es decir, la generación de recursos para el sostenimiento del hogar), es fundamental para comprender de manera integral el comportamiento transgresor en contextos de vulnerabilidad como una pandemia global. La discusión destaca cómo una estructura sociopolítica precaria -incapaz de satisfacer las necesidades básicas de amplios sectores de la población- emerge como causa central de la transgresión normativa en tiempos de crisis.

Autores: ESPINOSA, A.; MARTI, J. D.; CALDERON, A.; Ticliahuanca, M.; Carreon, N.; Lobrano, J.
Año: 2023
DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1136312    
Resumen: This article analyzes the levels of citizen satisfaction with LEGADO’s quality management model service during the first year of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in public spaces administered by LEGADO, and its relationship with the user’s emotional responses. To this end, a survey study has been developed from July 2021 until March 2022 at 4 moments to citizens (n = 1,697) who attended 3 vaccination locations administered by LEGADO (VIDENA, Complejo VMT and Polideportivo VES). The results show a high level of satisfaction with LEGADO’s quality model service, which is associated with a positive emotional balance. Specifically, the elements that have the greatest effect on positive emotions are the cleanliness and facilities’ organization and the agility of service. These results are discussed emphasizing the importance of the role of public institutions in developing inclusive quality public services for all citizens. This strategy of public quality model service according to citizens’ necessities should result in confidence towards public institutions and socially responsible behavior among citizens through the reduction of social gaps. The research establishes the urgency to promote this model in order to bring legitimacy and confidence to public institutions in Perú.

Autores: Gardiner, G.; Lee, D.; Baranski, E.; Funder, D.; Members of, I. S. P.; ESPINOSA, A.
Año: 2023
DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100088     
Resumen: People in economically advantaged nations tend to evaluate their life as more positive overall and report greater well-being than people in less advantaged nations. But how does positivity manifest in the daily life experiences of individuals around the world? The present study asked 15,244 college students from 62 nations, in 42 languages, to describe a situation they experienced the previous day using the Riverside Situational Q-sort (RSQ). Using expert ratings, the overall positivity of each situation was calculated for both nations and individuals. The positivity of the average situation in each nation was strongly related to the economic development of the nation as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). For individuals’ daily experiences, the economic status of their nation also predicted the positivity of their experience, even more than their family socioeconomic status. Further analyses revealed the specific characteristics of the average situations for higher HDI nations that make their experiences more positive. Higher HDI was associated with situational experiences involving humor, socializing with others, and the potential to express emotions and fantasies. Lower HDI was associated with an increase in the presence of threats, blame, and hostility, as well as situational experiences consisting of family, religion, and money. Despite the increase in a few negative situational characteristics in lower HDI countries, the overall average experience still ranged from neutral to slightly positive, rather than negative, suggesting that greater HDI may not necessarily increase positive experiences but rather decrease negative experiences. The results illustrate how national economic status influences the lives of individuals even within a single instance of daily life, with large and powerful consequences when accumulated across individuals within each nation.

Autores: ESPINOSA, A.; PACHECO, M. A.; JANOS, E.
Año: 2023
DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000672      
Resumen: A culture of peace is expressed as a set of values, attitudes, and modes of behavior based on nonviolence and respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms of people. Based on an experimental design, this research seeks to analyze the effect of music and dance stimuli related to the Andean social group on intergroup empathy, social dominance, stereotypes, emotions, and attitudes toward Andean music. A total of 88 adults (M = 21.24, SD = 1.84) randomly assigned to one of three established experimental conditions (control, music, and dance groups) participated in the study. The results show that, in general, exposure to music and dance improves levels of intergroup empathy, reduces social dominance, and fosters a greater positive stereotype toward the Andean social group, producing greater emotions and positive attitudes toward the artistic expressions of this group in comparison to the control group. It is concluded that music and dance, as cultural expressions, can be elements that help improve the stereotypical representation and appreciation of other groups and their members, thus establishing a path toward building a culture of peace. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)