En esta sección encontrarás todos los artículos académicos publicados en 2022 por el Grupo de Investigación Psicología Política y Social.

Autores: VERA, A.; ESPINOSA, A.; PRIALÉ, M. A.; LLANCO, C. A.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.202202.017
Resumen: Este estudio comparativo-correlacional, tiene como objetivo analizar y comparar la relación entre el aprecio por prácticas sostenibles (APS) y la identidad nacional en dos grupos de emprendedores sociales (n=135) y comerciales (n=198) de Lima–Perú. Los resultados indican que los emprendedores sociales presentan mayor APS y perciben a los peruanos como más cálidos, competentes y morales que los emprendedores comerciales. El auto estereotipo de competencia y la identificación con el país explican el APS de manera significativa solo en el subgrupo de emprendedores comerciales. El estudio analiza variables psicosociales poco exploradas para el fenómeno emprendedor, planteando estrategias para favorecer las actividades de sostenibilidad, en emprendedores que no tienen una orientación social de base.

Autores: VERA, A.; ESPINOSA, A.; LLANCO, C. A
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.cao35.ppep
Resumen: Se analizaron perfiles psicológicos de emprendedores según el tipo de valor (comercial/social) y el origen (necesidad/oportunidad) de sus emprendimientos, buscando identificar variables predictoras de conductas de prosocialidad-productiva. Se midieron variables como: rasgos de personalidad, valores, empatía y sostenibilidad, en 506 fundadores de diversos emprendimientos en Perú. Se realizó un análisis de conglomerados según las condiciones de valor y origen, y se identificaron cinco grupos/clusters: Oportunidad Comercial, Oportunidad Social, Centro, Necesidad Comercial y Necesidad Social. Se contrastaron muestras independientes con ANOVA de una vía. La discusión explica las particularidades de cada grupo/cluster señalando la diferencia radical del grupo Oportunidad Social respecto a los otros y proponiendo oportunidades de comprensión y promoción de emprendimientos orientados a la prosocialidad en el contexto local.

Autores: ESPINOSA, A.; PACHECO, M. A.; JANOS, E.; Acosta, Y.; Alvarez, E.; Berenguer, J.; Jimenez, V.; Lewis, H.; Maric, M. L.; Martinez, J.; Riba, E.; Romero, J. C.; Sandoval, S.; Valencia, J.; VERA, A.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v56i2.1465
Resumen: This study investigates; (1) how Political Cynicism is structured and, (2) how this structure relates to Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) in 11 Ibero-American countries (N=2388). The results show that the structure of Political Cynicism is composed of four dimensions: (1) Mistrust, (2) Perception of Corruption, (3) Need for Change and, (4) Political Moral Laxity. Furthermore, the study reveals that there is no homogeneous model of relations between the dimensions of Political Cynicism with RWA and SDO by country. However, at a general level it is noted that Mistrust acts as a diffuse indicator of dissatisfaction with the political system that increases Political Moral Laxity, while the Perception of Corruption, functions as a specific indicator of dissatisfaction that is directly associated with the Need for Change and, inversely, to Moral Laxity. Both RWA and SDO increase the negative manifestations of Political Cynicism, but the most interesting result is the stability of the observed relationship between SDO and Moral Laxity in 10 of the 11 countries considered in the study. The results are discussed in terms of the costs that Political Cynicism represents for the consolidation of Democracy, especially in its manifestation of moral laxity.

Autores: URCIA, M. C. y ESPINOSA, A.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://publicaciones.sociales.uba.ar/index.php/psicologiasocial/article/view/7564/6561
Resumen: El presente estudio explora las creencias y actitudes hacia la corrupción de un grupo de jóvenes de clase media y educación superioruniversitaria de las ciudades de Lima y Callao (n=22). Se desarrolló un estudio cualitativo a través de entrevistas en profundidadcon una guía que indagaba por tres temas centrales (1) las concepciones sobre la corrupción, (2) las características atribuidas a lacorrupción y (3) la intención de involucrarse en actos de corrupción. Los resultados se contrastan con las definiciones que diversosorganismos  y  desde  las  ciencias  sociales  se  han  desarrollado  sobre  el  tema,  identificándose  tres  concepciones  generales  sobre  lacorrupción. La concepción estructural de la corrupción la definen como un fenómeno arraigado en las instituciones y normalizado.La definición cultural presenta la corrupción como un fenómeno con un fundamento histórico que influye en la identidad de laspersonas y la definición de la corrupción directa, que comprende las manifestaciones cotidianas de los actos de corrupción. Aunquela representación del fenómeno es mayoritariamente negativa, se observan algunas razones sobre las cuales se considera legítima onecesaria su presencia. Finalmente, a lo largo de la discusión se aprecia cómo la corrupción erosiona la confianza y afecta la vidaen sociedad a través del daño que se produce a lo público.

Autores: Pick, C. M.; Ko, A.; ESPINOSA, A.; al, E.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2022.09.003
Resumen: The COVID-19 pandemic caused drastic social changes for many people, including separation from friends and coworkers, enforced close contact with family, and reductions in mobility. Here we assess the extent to which people's evolutionarily-relevant basic motivations and goals—fundamental social motives such as Affiliation and Kin Care—might have been affected. To address this question, we gathered data on fundamental social motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) across two waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered both before and during the pandemic (pre-pandemic wave: 32 countries, N = 8998; 3302 male, 5585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91; mid-pandemic wave: 29 countries, N = 6917; 2249 male, 4218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). Samples include data collected online (e.g., Prolific, MTurk), at universities, and via community sampling. We found that Disease Avoidance motivation was substantially higher during the pandemic, and that most of the other fundamental social motives showed small, yet significant, differences across waves. Most sensibly, concern with caring for one's children was higher during the pandemic, and concerns with Mate Seeking and Status were lower. Earlier findings showing the prioritization of family motives over mating motives (and even over Disease Avoidance motives) were replicated during the pandemic. Finally, well-being remained positively associated with family-related motives and negatively associated with mating motives during the pandemic, as in the pre-pandemic samples. Our results provide further evidence for the robust primacy of family-related motivations even during this unique disruption of social life.

Autores: CEDILLO, M. D. L.; ESPINOSA, A.; Bayarre, D.; Gonzalez, M.; SERRANO, A. C.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://revibiomedica.sld.cu/index.php/ibi/article/view/2388/1085
Resumen: "Introducción: Las personas con discapacidad constituyen un segmento creciente de  la  población  mundial,  cuyo  funcionamiento  físico  y  calidad  de vida  se  ven afectadas en muchas ocasiones. Objetivo: Determinar la relación existente entre la funcionalidad y la calidad de vida percibida en personas con discapacidad residentes en la provincia de Azuay-Ecuador en 2020. Métodos: Se  realizó  un  estudio  descriptivo-correlacional  en  156 participantes, seleccionados por presentar algún nivel de discapacidad (física, auditiva, visual, intelectual, psicosocial y múltiple). Se aplicó una ficha de datos generales, y los instrumentos de funcionamiento familiar (FF-SIL),WHOQOL-abreviado y WHODAS 2.0. Se calcularon coeficientes de correlación de Spearman. Resultados: A nivel general, los resultados muestran una correlación significativa inversa (de signo negativo)entre el funcionamiento físico y la percepción de la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad investigadas (r=-0,89). Asimismo, existen correlaciones lineales negativas entre  las  variables  investigadas cuando se  analizan  grupos  específicos  por sexo, edad, estado civil, zona de residencia urbana,   remunerados,   con   cualquier   escolaridad,   procedentes   de   familia nucleares  o  monoparentales,  con  cualquier  grado  de  funcionamiento  familiar. Además,  existe  un  correlato  negativo  entre  las  variables  investigadas  para cualquier forma y grado de discapacidad y los tipos psicosocial, múltiple, física e intelectual. Conclusiones:  La calidad de vida empeora, de manera lineal, en la medida en que existen más limitaciones en las personas con discapacidad y viceversa, lo cual se asocia con ambos sexos,  las edades jóvenes,  solteros,  de residencia urbana, remunerados,  con  cualquier  escolaridad,  procedentes  de  familia  nucleares  o monoparentales, con cualquier grado de funcionamiento familiar.

Autores: Pick, C. M.; Ko, A..; ESPINOSA, A.; al, E.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01579-w
Resumen: How does psychology vary across human societies? The fundamental social motives framework adopts an evolutionary approach to capture the broad range of human social goals within a taxonomy of ancestrally recurring threats and opportunities. These motives—self-protection, disease avoidance, affiliation, status, mate acquisition, mate retention, and kin care—are high in fitness relevance and everyday salience, yet understudied cross-culturally. Here, we gathered data on these motives in 42 countries (N = 15,915) in two cross-sectional waves, including 19 countries (N = 10,907) for which data were gathered in both waves. Wave 1 was collected from mid-2016 through late 2019 (32 countries, N = 8,998; 3,302 male, 5,585 female; Mage = 24.43, SD = 7.91). Wave 2 was collected from April through November 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic (29 countries, N = 6,917; 2,249 male, 4,218 female; Mage = 28.59, SD = 11.31). These data can be used to assess differences and similarities in people’s fundamental social motives both across and within cultures, at different time points, and in relation to other commonly studied cultural indicators and outcomes.

Autores: CAÑAS, M. S.; ESPINOSA, A.; Lewis, H.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2021.1989674
Resumen: This study explores the relationship between identity fusion and the strength of ethnic and national identification in members of Lima’s Jewish community. A set of questionnaires measuring levels of ethnic identification, national identification, and identity fusion were administered to 100 members of the Jewish community in Lima. The results showed that fused members of the Jewish community identified significantly more strongly with the Jewish community and the national categories than did their non-fused peers. However, despite stronger levels of national identification, fused members of the Jewish community also expressed a significantly higher preference for maintaining social distance towards non-Jewish Peruvians than did non-fused members, but only on matters relating to the immediate family such as marriage and having children. Furthermore, results showed fused members of the Jewish community tend to extol positive attributes of the Jewish ethnic category when comparing with the Peruvian national category. Discussion is focused on how a fused identity can provide the psychological security required to express more positive relations not only with the fusion category but also with other relevant non-threatening social categories, and how identity fusion can contribute to the establishment and maintenance of social distancing from ethnic out-groups as a function of characteristic in-group preservation.

Autores: ESPINOSA, A.; Jiménez, V.; Valencia, J.; Romero, J. C.; Sandoval, S.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://revistas.ces.edu.co/index.php/psicologia/article/view/5745/3616
Resumen: In  the  context  of  the  border  dispute  presented  by  Peru against Chile in the The Hague Court, this study analyzes the influences of two ideological motivational dimensions: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) on a set of intergroup attitudes that involve both nations. To this end, a survey study of 196 Chileans and 223 Peruvians participants was  conducted.  The  instruments  used  to  measure  ideology  and political  attitudes  are  the  following  ones:  RWA  Scale;  SDO  Scale; Scale  of  Intergroup  attitudes  between  Chile-Peru  and  specificquestions  on  interest  in  the  Hague  litigation  and  willingness  to fight for one's country. The results show that in the Peruvian case attitudes  of  belligerence  and  alert  and  a  greater  willingness  to fight for the country are better explained by the RWA, while in the Chilean case these same attitudes are explained both by the RWA as  well  as  the  SDO.  On  the  other  hand,  pacificist  attitudes  are explained  inversely  by  SDO  in  both  countries.  These  findings support  the  hypothesis  that  intergroup  dynamics  between both countries have  been  marked  by  expressed  actions of  a  Chileanexpansionism  versus  a  Peruvian  vengefulness  and  suggest  that equalitarianism   will   promote   attitudes   toward   respect   and cooperation  between  both  groups,  changing  the  frames  of expansionism and vengefulnessfor one of a culture of peace.

Autores: Dejonckheere, E.; Rhee, J.; ESPINOSA, A.; al, E.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04262-z
Resumen: Happiness is a valuable experience, and societies want their citizens to be happy. Although this societal commitment seems laudable, overly emphasizing positivity (versus negativity) may create an unattainable emotion norm that ironically compromises individual well-being. In this multi-national study (40 countries; 7443 participants), we investigate how societal pressure to be happy and not sad predicts emotional, cognitive and clinical indicators of well-being around the world, and examine how these relations differ as a function of countries’ national happiness levels (collected from the World Happiness Report). Although detrimental well-being associations manifest for an average country, the strength of these relations varies across countries. People’s felt societal pressure to be happy and not sad is particularly linked to poor well-being in countries with a higher World Happiness Index. Although the cross-sectional nature of our work prohibits causal conclusions, our findings highlight the correlational link between social emotion valuation and individual well-being, and suggest that high national happiness levels may have downsides for some.

Autores: ESPINOSA, A.; Cakal, H.; Beramendi, M.; Molina, N.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2022-46929-003
Resumen: Political moral laxity (PML) is defined as a set of political beliefs and attitudes held by citizens that tolerate and favor dishonest and corrupt actions on the part of politicians and authorities. In this scenario, the objective of this study is to analyze how ideology and social dominance orientation (SDO), perceptions of legitimacy, and trust in institutions (government, congress, and judiciary) are related to PML in three Latin American countries (Argentina, Colombia, and Peru). To this end, a survey study was carried out among citizens from the three countries mentioned above (n = 854). The results show that moral laxity is predicted directly and consistently in all three countries, by SDO. Likewise, perceived lack of legitimacy in the political system is inversely related to moral laxity in Colombia and Peru; although it predicts moral laxity only in the latter country. On the other hand, the results show that moral laxity is a symptomatic indicator of conservative expressions of system justification where a good exercise of governance, transparency, and procedural and distributive justice are not always available for vast groups of citizens.

Autores: ESPINOSA, A.; JANOS, E.; PACHECO, M. A.; Juárez, J.; Chaparro, H.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070609
Resumen: Populism is a phenomenon that is gaining attention in Political Psychology. The goal of the current study was to determine the relationship between populist attitudes, based on the populist demand and the perception of the populist offer, and several indices of political cynicism and attitudes toward democracy in Peru. To do this, a quantitative correlational study including 391 participants from diverse Peruvian locations was carried out. Both populist attitudes and critical perception of the populist offer are found to be directly related to Political Cynicism in its dimensions of Political Distrust, Political Hopelessness, and Political Moral Laxity, and inversely related to the dimension of Political System Change. Similarly, both dimensions of populism are directly related to Democratic Support and inversely related to Democratic Satisfaction. The findings support the notion that populist attitudes emerge in the context of distrust of the system and express an ambivalent relationship with democracy. Furthermore, the various approaches developed by the social sciences to address the populist phenomenon are discussed in terms of their strengths and limitations.

Autores: PACHECO, M. A.; ESPINOSA, A.; JANOS, E.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03057356211073475
Resumen: The present research seeks to develop a scale that can measure attitudes toward different musical expressions representative of different social groups, such as the Andean and Afro-Peruvian groups. The participants were 312 individuals between 18 and 83 years of age (M = 32.42, SD = 14.97), and the majority had no professional musical knowledge. First, Exploratory Factor Analysis was performed using the Unweighted Least Squares as the extraction method and using Oblimin rotation for the Andean and Afro-Peruvian musical genres. An identical factorial structure with two dimensions was found for both musical genres, obtaining optimal reliability according to Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. This similarity was verified by performing an invariance analysis, obtaining evidence that the proposed scale can be used regardless of the musical genre. Furthermore, correlation analyses were performed between the dimensions of the attitudes scale and variables such as stereotypes (toward the Andean and Afro-Peruvian social groups) and conservative ideology; the results provided evidence of discriminant validity. Finally, comparisons were made between musicians and non-musicians using the same dimensions of the attitude scale as evidence for criterion validity. The results are discussed based on scale’s optimal psychometric functioning, as well as its implications at the level of intergroup dynamics.

Autores: Kirkland, K.; Van Lange, P. A. M.; ESPINOSA, A.; et al, E. A.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25538-y
Resumen: People cooperate every day in ways that range from largescale contributions that mitigate climate change to simple actions such as leaving another individual with choice – known as social mindfulness. It is not yet clear whether and how these complex and more simple forms of cooperation relate. Prior work has found that countries with individuals who made more socially mindful choices were linked to a higher country environmental performance – a proxy for complex cooperation. Here we replicated this initial finding in 41 samples around the world, demonstrating the robustness of the association between social mindfulness and environmental performance, and substantially built on it to show this relationship extended to a wide range of complex cooperative indices, tied closely to many current societal issues. We found that greater social mindfulness expressed by an individual was related to living in countries with more social capital, more community participation and reduced prejudice towards immigrants. Our findings speak to the symbiotic relationship between simple and more complex forms of cooperation in societies.

Autores: GOÑEZ, C. C. y CUETO, R. M. L. M.
Año: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.62174/psocial.7561
Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio es explorar las dimensiones de conciencia política en jóvenes que participaron en movilizaciones sociales contra el fujimorismo entre el 2016 y 2018. El grupo de participantes estuvo constituido por 8 jóvenes (6 hombres y 2 mujeres) de entre 21 y 29 años. Para lograr el objetivo se utilizó una guía de entrevista a profundidad semiestructurada basada en las dimensiones de conciencia política de Sandoval (2001). Las entrevistas se realizaron durante el periodo de indulto a Alberto Fujimori y la prisión preventiva a Keiko Fujimori (entre julio y noviembre de 2018). Los resultados muestran que las 7 dimensiones permiten entender el proceso de conciencia política que experimenta el colectivo antifujimorista. La principal dimensión es la de identidad colectiva, dado la alta vinculación de los participantes con el colectivo antifujimorista estos se encuentran altamente identificados con las normas, conductas y objetivos del mismo.